Mining is one of Australia's pillar industries and traditional industries. The level of mechanical equipment, information management and safety management of Australian mining technology is leading the world. Lead zinc ore to Australia, for example, in terms of the organization of the mine, mining technology, equipment levels and other mining model introduces the Australian metal mine safety and efficient intelligent.
Mining Management of a Lead-Zinc Mine in Australia
Overview, a lead-zinc mine located in New South Wales, Australia, is a mining underground mine with a long history. The ore body is found in a variety of metamorphic sedimentary surrounding rocks, including sandstone , shale , gneiss , limestone, and granite . The shape of the ore body is complex, with a length of 2km, and the slope is 1200m below the surface to the surface, with an average thickness of 50-80m and a maximum thickness of 250m. Useful mineral ore mainly galena, sphalerite iron, a small amount of magnetic pyrite, copper ore, arsenopyrite. The lead and zinc grades are higher and the average ore grade is 16.8%. The ore and surrounding rock are well stabilized. The ore density is 3.15 t/m3, the f coefficient is 8.5 to 17.9 (average 11.1), the surrounding rock density is 2.7 tons/m3, and the f coefficient is 8.9 to 17.1 (average 12.1).
The mine is jointly developed with slope shafts. There are 25 in the middle section of the development. The lowest middle section is located at 1200m below the surface and the middle section is 40~50m. Between the middle section, depending on the ore body and engineering conditions, it is decided whether to arrange the sectioned alleys, and the sectioned roadway is determined according to the actual height of the site. The whole mine adopts mixed ventilation and is equipped with 11 inlet wells and 3 return wells. The total mining volume of the mine is 2 million tons, the original ore volume is about 1.6 million tons, and the excavation volume is about 400,000 tons. The amount of metal is 128,000 tons. The average grade of ore in the whole mine is about 16.8%, the average grade is 8.0%, the depletion rate is 40% to 50%, and the loss rate is 40%.
Process The current mining method used in the mine is the deep hole backing, which is widely used in Australian underground mines for safe and efficient use. The process flow is as follows: the excavation trolley is used to dig the bottom road (5.0m×5.0m), and the bottom road is directly used as the upper/lower chamber of the stope. Then use the rock drilling rig to dig up the up/down fan-shaped blasthole. After the construction of the blasthole is completed, the charging trolley is used to retreat the blasting. The mine is discharged with a 6m3 visual remote-controlled scraper. After the mine is finished, it is filled once. Ore from the scraper blade to handlers (45 t load), then by transport to the main chute, crushing after the crushing chamber to the loading chamber, then skip to the ground by the lifting, and finally transported by the belt to the beneficiation plant.
Organizational Structure The organization of the mine is streamlined and efficient compared to domestic mines. There are only one general manager and one deputy general manager in the whole mine. There are five departments (production units), namely: mining department, equipment management department, administrative department, safety training department and engineering project department. The total mine employs approximately 350 people.
(1) The Ministry of Mines is responsible for the production safety management of underground mines. There are 8 units including Mining Planning Section, Production Dispatching Center, Geology Department, Rock Mechanics Management Section, Perforation and Blasting Work Area, Tunneling Area, Shovel Miner Area and Logistics Team.
(2) The Equipment Management Department is responsible for the maintenance and maintenance of all ore machinery and equipment (including all equipment under the well) and the production management of the concentrator.
(3) The administrative department is responsible for the management of mine accounting, human resources and logistics.
(4) The Safety Training Department is mainly responsible for the safety training of mines, the implementation of safety systems and the statistical summary of safety incident analysis.
(5) The project department is mainly responsible for the preparatory work for the new mine development.
Mining technology management Compared with Chinese mines, the management of Australian mines is very safe and efficient. Its “safety and efficiency†reflects many characteristics of the mine management, such as strict and advanced safety management system, advanced technology, mechanization and informationization. High degree of specialization.
The advanced safety management level of safety management has always been in a leading position, and its million-ton work death rate is extremely low. These are all due to the government's strict safety laws and regulations and internal safety management procedures and advanced safety management concepts. At the same time, advanced mining technology has laid a solid foundation for safety management and played a vital role.
(1) The federal government's management of mining safety is limited to the development of relevant legislation and technical standards. The state (territory) governments in the implementation of federal law, according to the different conditions of each place to develop their own laws and regulations on mining production safety and occupational health. The state government controls the mining industry through review or monitoring of mine design, production, environmental protection, and safe production. When the safety standards are not met, the production can be ordered. For enterprises, the mine manager must register with the government and be familiar with relevant policies and regulations, and ensure that safety production, environmental protection, labor protection and employee occupational health are met.
(2) There is a complete system of safety management rules and regulations and operation procedures within the mine. The contents cover all types of work, equipment, and various links, and are strictly implemented. For example, all operators must receive appropriate training before they can work, and they can obtain qualifications before they can be employed, similar to the safety standardization workflow of domestic mines. Labor insurance products are also required to be strict. Labor insurance supplies must be properly worn when entering the workplace. Otherwise, admission is strictly prohibited. For example, long-sleeved overalls with reflective strips, helmets, rubber shoes, miner's lamps, oxygen self-rescuers, and earplugs must be worn.
(3) The advanced management of mine safety and high cost investment are the guarantee of safety basic management. The key points and difficulties in the safety management of underground metal mines have always been the management of toppings and pines. This link has also been a high-incidence area for work-related injuries and work-related deaths. The mine is also aware of the existence of such risks. It requires all the mines under construction or construction roadway to use anchor nets or anchor net shotcrete support (and regular maintenance) for subsequent rock drilling, charging, blasting, All aspects such as shovel mining have reduced the probability of treatment of turquoise, providing a strong safety guarantee, and fully demonstrating initiative, forward-looking and preventive in the concept of safety management. Intrinsically safe, but also costly mining costs, such as 1m boring support costs up to AUD 1000. On the other hand, in the mines in the mine, many safety inputs or support are lagging and passive, and only after the occurrence of safety hazards will be post-remediation. The unsupported roadway will not be supported, and the bolts that can be saved will not be hit.
(4) Advanced mining technology controls and reduces the risk of mining operations at the front end of production, ensuring safe production and achieving twice the result with half the effort. The underground metal mine generally uses a deep hole backing type of vertical hole stop mining method (Long hole stoping). All aspects of the mining process are in a state of easier control (the underground employees are directly facing the fully supported roadway). Drilling rigs are used for drilling, drilling rigs are used to dig the blastholes, charging trolleys are loaded, and remote shovel can be used for mining. All mining steps are in a controlled state, reducing the high level of turquoise treatment. The link of risk. Throughout the mining technology of most underground metal mines in China, it is relatively backward. The deep hole retreat type post-filling mining method is rarely used. Most of the mining methods used are inseparable from the high-risk link of turquoise treatment. Can not get rid of the security risks brought by people directly facing large sections.
Labor production efficiency is high, and labor production efficiency in Australian underground metal mines is high. The mine has a total of about 350 employees, and each class has only about 50 people working underground. The annual output of raw ore is 1.6 million tons. In China, the same condition mine may need more than 2,000 people, which is enough to show its amazing high efficiency. . This efficiency benefits from several aspects: high degree of mechanization, specialized organizational structure, and high level of information intelligence.
(1) High degree of mechanization. The degree of mechanization of underground metal mines in Australia is at a leading level worldwide, and these mechanical equipments are characterized by derailment, large-scale, intelligent, and automated. For example, the mines all use drilling rigs to drive in, using the charging trolley to charge the drugs, and the underground workers use light trucks to travel. There are a total of 8 6m3 visual remote control scrapers, 8 large loaders, 7 rock drilling rigs , 5 deep hole drilling rigs , 2 shotcrete machines, 2 loading trolleys, and about 60 light trucks. The use of the above equipment greatly reduces the labor intensity of the operators and greatly improves the labor productivity. At the same time, the use of these large-scale intelligent mechanical equipment also avoids the direct confrontation of high-risk operations, which greatly reduces mining risks.
(2) The organizational structure is streamlined and professional. The mining department has a total of 4 management departments and 4 grassroots units. Each subordinate unit is professional and efficient, somewhat similar to the setting of the factory assembly line. The grassroots units are each responsible for some aspects of the mining process. The excavation work area is only responsible for the drilling of the excavation face (not responsible for the subsequent charge blasting); while the perforation and blasting work area is only responsible for the perforation in the stope and all the charge blasting. The shovel miner area is responsible for the excavation and mining and mining of the stope; the logistics team is responsible for lifting, filling, ventilation, and plumbing. The entire organization is arranged in a pipeline, which greatly facilitates the safety production management and effectively improves the production efficiency of the unit. Most of the mining and mining institutions in China use traditional versatile styles. Several work areas are divided according to regions. Each work area must undertake all functions such as mining, excavation, shovel, and logistics. It is easy to cause waste of manpower and material resources and professional management. Such problems have caused labor productivity to be constrained.
(3) Informatization intelligence is high. The mine uses a radio leakage broadcast intercom system, which is placed at each operating point, and is equipped with a walkie-talkie on each car and the battery of the lighting. The surface dispatching room and the underground employees, employees and employees can communicate in an instant, all-round, and mobile manner, making safety supervision and production command coordination more convenient, and greatly improving production efficiency. The mine uses a paperless office, and information communication and file uploading are all streamlined by e-mail. Most of the underground areas are controlled by computer automation, so that underground operations can be controlled at the surface. For example, the surface filling station, all switching operating systems are controlled by the computer, only one person can operate the whole station in each class; for example, the underground 25-stage loading chamber and the 24-stage broken chamber, most of the facilities and processes are computerized. Control, each shift is carried out by one person.
5 Conclusion
After decades of development, China's underground metal mine safety production technology management level has made considerable progress, especially in some large mines that have been closely following the development pace of developed countries. However, on the whole, there is still a certain gap between the level of safety production technology management of underground metal mines in China and that of underground metal mines in developed countries. Mainly reflected in the backward production process, low level of mechanized equipment, low labor productivity, high labor intensity, lack of track, low level of intelligent information, inadequate safety management system and insufficient safety investment. Therefore, China's underground metal mines should gradually improve the level of mechanized equipment, accelerate the progress of mining technology, take the "six major systems" construction as an opportunity to improve the level of mine information intelligence and safety investment, and constantly promote the safety standardization of mining enterprises, for the safety of underground sites. Operation provides a strong institutional guarantee to promote the development of China's underground metal mines in a safe and efficient manner.
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