1 lead
Galena refractory oxide refers to iron hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, and other closely associated Surrounding arsenic lead, pyromorphite, alumina and some have serious lead to impregnate or iron hydroxide containing a large amount in the ore Lead ore from primary slime and bauxite. The selection of such ore is not easy to obtain good results by the general method. For the study of such ore, it has been gradually transferred from the mechanical beneficiation method to the chemical beneficiation method, mainly including the fuming method and the acid no method.
The flue-chemical method is determined according to the specific conditions. Under normal circumstances, it is firstly enriched by mechanical beneficiation method, and then a relatively small amount of material is treated by the fuming method. If there are many clay minerals and iron oxides in the flotation mine, it is necessary to remove the slime (-5μm) before the fine grinding, because this part of the mud will consume a lot of chemicals and seriously affect the fine. The quality of the mine, at which point the shale portion can be considered for treatment by the fuming method.
Lead leached mineral in hydrochloric acid medium is a common method of treatment depth current lead oxide ores, Liuzhi Lin leached with hydrochloric acid in a zinc oxide, clay mineral of lead, lead recovery was 14.22%. Due to the higher solubility PbCl 2, there are still a considerable number of lead metal in a Pb 2+ state occurrence in its saturated solution, and there is a high economic cost and equipment corrosion problems this method.
2 锑
For many years, in order to improve the ore recovery rate of fine-grained cerium oxide ore, many scholars and scholars at home and abroad have carried out many experimental researches, including several research directions such as flotation of fine-grained strontium oxide ore, chemical beneficiation, and combined metallurgy process. It is still in the laboratory research stage.
The chemical beneficiation process is mainly reduction roasting-alkali dip-electrowinning. Zhou Shushan studied the reduction roasting-alkali leaching slurry method of yttrium oxide ore, which is mainly composed of Huang Qihua. The yttrium was extracted and reduced to low-valent cerium oxide by acid reduction and alkali leaching. It was found that the alkali leaching speed was fast and the leaching rate was high, and the quality of the final product sponge sputum was also better.
Domestic and foreign scholars have carried out related research on the mechanism of chemical beneficiation process. Pavel Raschman studied the dissolution kinetics of natural stibnite in Na 2 S+NaOH solution, and determined the leaching rate control step by SPPM model. It is shown that the leaching process is controlled by the chemical reaction and microporous diffusion of the solid-liquid interface Sb 2 S 3 and Na 2 S. The classical SPPM model results are worse than the SCM-PDC model, but the SPPM model can better reflect the process parameters (particles). Effect of size, temperature, Na 2 S concentration on leaching
3 cobalt
Due to the difference in composition and content of various cobalt raw materials, there are many extraction methods of cobalt, which can be classified into two categories: one is the combined method of fire method and wet method, that is, the cobalt raw material is pretreated by fire method to make the cobalt rich. The set is then extracted by wet method; the other type is a full wet process, that is, the cobalt raw material is wet leached, the impurities are removed to prepare a pure cobalt solution, and cobalt and a compound thereof are prepared.
A acid leaching
At present, cobalt acid leaching is mainly carried out by sulfuric acid leaching. Lan Yufeng conducted two-stage leaching on an oxidized rhinestone mine in Africa, with a cobalt content of less than 0.5% and a cobalt leaching rate of 99%. Liu Jun used Na 2 SO 3 as a reducing agent to extract copper and cobalt from the water-cobalt ore reduction acid leaching solution. The factors such as the type and amount of reducing agent, leaching temperature and sulfuric acid concentration were studied. The effect of valence metal copper and cobalt leaching rates.
The main process for the treatment of rhinestones is sulfuric acid leaching - purification, iron removal - extraction separation - calcium oxalate precipitation. The leaching process is generally non-selective, and a large amount of iron and other impurities are leached together, and a special process must be used to purify the iron. At the same time, the extraction equipment in the extraction and separation has a large area and complicated equipment, and requires a large amount of extractant. When ammonium oxalate precipitates cobalt, a large amount of wastewater containing ammonium ions is produced, and the treatment thereof is also a problem, and the entire treatment process is long. In view of the shortcomings of the existing treatment processes, Guo Xueyi used a high-copper-cobalt ore in Congo (Gold) as a raw material to carry out selective extraction of copper and cobalt by reductive acid leaching-swirl electrowinning. The experimental study on the extraction of copper and cobalt by cyclone electrowinning was carried out, and the electrowinning copper and cobalt products with purity of 99.95% and 99.97% were obtained respectively. The direct yields of copper and cobalt were 98.23% and 94.54%, respectively.
B pressurized ammonia leaching
In the process of leaching cobalt ore by traditional acid method, a large amount of impurities enter the leachate, the purification process is complicated, and the consumption of impurities and acid and alkali is large. For minerals with a high copper content, the extraction of copper from the leachate cannot be extracted at one time, which is particularly complicated. In the ammonia system, the leaching is selective, which can effectively reduce the influx of calcium, magnesium and iron into the human leachate, and the purification and separation process is simple. After the ammonia immersion liquid is extracted by copper, ammonia is further distilled to obtain a cobalt compound having a higher purity, and ammonia and ammonium salts obtained by steaming ammonia are returned to leaching. Compared with the traditional acid treatment of cobalt ore, the subsequent treatment of cobalt compounds can significantly reduce the amount of wastewater discharged.
Liao Yuanhang studied the equilibrium law of Co(II) and NH 3 , Cl - , OH - and other ligands based on mass balance and charge balance by double equilibrium calculation index method. The thermodynamic equilibrium diagram was drawn by calculation, revealing the system. The relationship between the equilibrium concentration of each substance and the concentration of ammonia and chloride. The results show that the only solid phase material in the system is Co(0H) 2 , and the thermodynamic calculation results are verified by experiments. The deviation between the two is only 10.13%.
Liu Jianhua uses a cobalt-copper oxidized ore in Congo as a raw material and uses a pressurized ammonia leaching process in NH 3 -NH 
The cobalt and copper were leached in the -H 2 O system, and the influence of various factors on the leaching rate of cobalt and copper was analyzed. The results showed that: increase c NH3 / c Me favor the formation of high stability cobalt, copper ammonia complex ions; c reduction / c Increasing the pH of the system can reduce the reducing potential of the reducing agent. The cobalt leaching rate can reach 95.2%, and the copper leaching rate can reach 95.8%. The subsequent treatment process of the leachate is simple, and the ammonia and ammonium salts can realize closed circuit circulation and are environmentally friendly.
C ammonium salt roasting-leaching
At present, sulfuric acid leaching and pressurized ammonia leaching can realize the recovery and utilization of copper and cobalt in oxidized copper-cobalt ore. The main problems are: high acid consumption in sulfuric acid leaching, high concentration ammonium sulfate wastewater after recycling, and environmental pollution; Ammonia can be recycled, but both investment and actual production costs are high. Therefore, the process of low development cost and no waste water discharge is an important issue in the treatment of copper oxide cobalt ore.
Zhang Mingzhu uses ammonium salt roasting-leaching-precipitation process to recycle copper and cobalt from a copper-cobalt oxide ore in Congo by recycling ammonium chloride. The experimental results show that under the optimal technological conditions, the recovery rates of copper and cobalt are 90% and 95 respectively. %, ammonium chloride can be cooled and crystallized from the saturated precipitation mother liquor, and recycled for the treatment of oxidized copper-cobalt ore. The whole process will not produce waste water and will not pollute the air, and can realize low temperature and low waste efficiency of oxidized copper-cobalt ore. develop and use. Firing mechanism which is: Intermediate Co (NH 3) 6 CuCl 5 is formed of the copper ore of cobalt oxide at below 320 ℃, the intermediate product is converted into at 320 ℃ soluble CoCI 2, CuCI 2.
D Other crafts
Wang Yaxiong developed a SO 2 leaching-ion flotation-solvent extraction process for the characteristics of a cobalt-soil mine in Yunnan, and used it to extract cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel and other valuable metals. The results show that the manganese recovery rate is greater than 97%, the total cobalt recovery is greater than 95%, and the total nickel recovery is greater than 90%.
Zheng Yajie is aiming at high-arsenic-cobalt ore in a certain area of ​​Qinghai, comparing traditional processes with nitric acid oxidizing sulfuric acid leaching. The cobalt leaching rate was 16.86% when using conventional sulfuric acid leaching. The cobalt leaching rate was 67.48% after sulfuric acid roasting. The cobalt leaching rate was 96.35%. This is because the cobalt in the ore is mainly present in the form of isomorphism in the arsenic and iron compounds. Nitric acid can decompose the ore in solution, which is beneficial to the leaching of cobalt.
Li Guanghui and others used citric acid to leach cobalt in a laterite ore under the action of ammonium difluoride. Cobalt is mainly symbiotic with manganese and silicate minerals. When the ore is treated with 30g/L citric acid and 10g/L ammonium difluoride at room temperature, the cobalt leaching rate is 84.5%. When treated with 30g/L citric acid, the cobalt leaching rate is 29.1%. This is because ammonium difluoride dissolves. Silicate minerals, cobalt is dissociated from it, and the leaching rate is increased.
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